Social media is a more common and powerful platform for communication to share views
about any topic or article, which consequently leads to unstructured toxic, and hateful …

Homophobia or Transphobia can be defined as the hatred, discomfort, or dislike of lesbian,
gay, transgender or bisexual people. Studies have shown that these individuals were more …

Abstract The realm of Natural Language Processing and Text Mining has seen a surge in
interest from researchers in hate speech detection, leading to an increase in related studies …

Offensive content or hate speech is defined as any form of communication that aims to
annoy, harass, disturb, or anger an individual or community based on factors such as faith …

Over the last few decades, the expansion of technology and the internet has led to the
number of users proliferating on social media, with a simultaneous increase in hate speech …

Many activities are conducted on social media platforms, such as promoting products,
sharing news and sharing achievements. As a result of users' freedom and anonymity on …

Hate speech and Offensive Posts (OP) detection on Smart Multimedia Internet of Things
(MIoT) have been an active issue for researchers. MIoT media texts in non-native English …

Social networks allow us to communicate with people around the world. However, some
users usually take advantage of anonymity for writing offensive comments to others, which …

The massive growth of social webs offer opportunities to communicate with diverse
languages, unstructured text, informal posts, misspelled contents and emojis. Social media …

With the rapid growth of social media culture, the use of offensive or hateful language has
surged, which necessitates the development of effective abusive language detection models …