Balanced immune regulation is crucial for recognizing an invading pathogen, its killing, and
elimination. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the key regulators of the innate immune system. It …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors, which are activated by
foreign and host molecules in order to initiate the immune response. They play a crucial role …

Background and purpose Mitochondria play a central role in the host response to viral
infection and immunity, being key to antiviral signaling and exacerbating inflammatory …

Cytokine storm is a phenomenon characterized by strong elevated circulating cytokines that
most often occur after an overreactive immune system is activated by an acute systemic …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly infects
humans and animals which make coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a grievous …

Background There is evidence that the adaptive or acquired immune system is one of the
crucial variables in differentiating the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) …

Innate and acquired immunity responses are crucial for viral infection elimination. However,
genetic variations in coding genes may exacerbate the inflammation or initiate devastating …

Abstract The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic has become a global crisis.
In the immunopathogenesis of COVID‐19, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection induces an excessive …

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, threatens the entire world. It …

Addressing factors modulating COVID-19 is crucial since abundant clinical evidence shows
that outcomes are markedly heterogeneous between patients. This requires identifying the …