Compulsion is a cardinal symptom of drug addiction (severe substance use disorder).
However, compulsion is observed in only a small proportion of individuals who repeatedly …

We revisit our hypothesis that drug addiction can be viewed as the endpoint of a series of
transitions from initial voluntarily drug use to habitual, and ultimately compulsive drug use …

The opioid system consists of three receptors, mu, delta, and kappa, which are activated by
endogenous opioid peptides processed from three protein precursors, proopiomelanocortin …

This review discusses the evidence for the hypothesis that the development of drug
addiction can be understood in terms of interactions between Pavlovian and instrumental …

We hypothesize that drug addiction can be viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions
from initial voluntary drug use through the loss of control over this behaviour, such that it …

The argument advanced in this review is that drug addiction can be understood in terms of
normal learning and memory systems of the brain which, through the actions of chronically …

Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) is phasically released during appetitive behaviors, though there
is substantive disagreement about the specific purpose of these DA signals. For example …

Compulsive drug use in the face of adverse consequences is a hallmark feature of addiction,
yet there is little preclinical evidence demonstrating the actual progression from casual to …

Substance and alcohol use disorders impose large health and economic burdens on
individuals, families, communities, and society. Neither prevention nor treatment efforts are …

Habits are automatic, inflexible behaviors that develop slowly with repeated performance.
Striatal dopamine signaling instantiates this habit-formation process, presumably region …