Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic disorders which affect how the body uses
glucose impacting approximately 9% of the population worldwide. This review covers the …

COVID-19 has seriously threatened public health, and transdermal vaccination is an
effective way to prevent pathogen infection. Microneedles (MNs) can damage the stratum …

Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of music therapy, hand
massage, and kaleidoscope usage on nausea and vomiting, pain, fear, and stress in 7-year …

Aim Most toddlers experience pain and distress during doctor or dental visits. Aim of this
systematic review was to investigate the role of play‐based interventions in pain and fear or …

Background Pain and fear associated with insulin injections can cause children with type 1
diabetes mellitus to avoid insulin injections and skip doses. Objective To evaluate and …

Introduction Reducing pain and fear during painful medical procedures in children is
important since mismanagement of pain causes the child and parent to feel anxious, which …

What is known and objective It is important to identify effective, easy‐to‐use and cost‐
effective non‐pharmacological methods in the management of pain caused by medical …

Introduction Pediatric patients in the emergency department often require intramuscular
injection procedures, which may lead to pain, fear, and anxiety. The purpose of this study …

Objectives Needle-related procedures are among the most important sources of pain in
children in different health care settings. Our study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness …

Objectives: Identify the safe anatomical landmarks for intramuscular injection. Describe the
technique of intramuscular injections. Summarize the potential complications of …