The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is natural way of removing aged cells from the body.
Most of the anti-cancer therapies trigger apoptosis induction and related cell death networks …

The NCCN Guidelines for Colon Cancer provide recommendations regarding diagnosis,
pathologic staging, surgical management, perioperative treatment, surveillance …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is the primary regulatory
module of various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress …

Introduction: The MAPK pathway comprises several key signaling components and
phosphorylation events that play a role in tumorigenesis. These activated kinases transmit …

Histiocytoses are rare disorders of unknown origin with highly heterogeneous prognosis.
BRAF mutations have been observed in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). We …

BRAF mutations are identified in 40–50% of patients with melanoma. Treatment of these
patients with either of two BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib, dabrafenib) or the MEK inhibitor …

Purpose Sunitinib and sorafenib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that have considerable
efficacy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. TKI-associated cardiotoxicity was reported in …

Despite new and more effective cytotoxic chemotherapy, limitations to conventional agents
have been reached in a subset of patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). The …

V-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) kinase, which was encoded by
BRAF gene, plays critical roles in cell signaling, growth, and survival. Mutations in BRAF …