Dopamine (DA) plays a key role in reward processing and is implicated in psychological
disorders such as depression, substance use, and schizophrenia. The role of DA in reward …

Delay discounting refers to the depreciation of the value of a reward as a function of the time
it takes to obtain it. Growing evidence shows altered delay discounting in several …

Food uncertainty has the effect of invigorating food-related responses. Psychologists have
noted that mammals and birds respond more to a conditioned stimulus that unreliably …

Our target article proposes that a new concept–incentive hope–is necessary in the
behavioral sciences to explain animal foraging under harsh environmental conditions …

Animal research finds that insulin regulates dopamine signaling and reward behavior, but
similar research in humans is lacking. We investigated whether individual differences in …

Research has indicated a major role of dopamine in decision-making processes, but the
underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown due to inconsistency in effects of …

Foraging for nutritional sustenance represents common significant learned/heritable survival
strategies evolved for phylum-diverse cellular life on Earth. Unicellular aneural to …

Temporal discounting is a phenomenon where a reward loses its value as a function of time
(eg, a reward is more valuable immediately than when it delays in time). This is a type of …

The neurotransmitter dopamine is implicated in diverse functions, including reward
processing, reinforcement learning, and cognitive control. The tendency to discount future …

Dopamine is thought to play a crucial role in cost-benefit decision making, but so far there is
no consensus on the precise role of dopamine in decision making. Here, we review the …