Abstract Background The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering reducing
nicotine levels in cigarettes to “minimally or non-addictive levels.” However, important …

Background Menthol upregulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and is associated with
tobacco dependence. The effects of menthol when smoking cigarettes with varying low …

Bayesian hierarchical models produce shrinkage estimators that can be used as the basis
for integrating supplementary data into the analysis of a primary data source. Established …

Abstract Background and Aims Clinical trials on the impact and safety of reduced nicotine
content cigarettes (RNCs) are ongoing, and an important methodological concern is …

Importance The US Food and Drug Administration is considering limiting cigarettes to very
low nicotine levels. Cigarette consumption of nondaily intermittent smokers (ITS), who …

Background: The FDA recently acquired regulatory authority over tobacco products, leading
to renewed interest in whether reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes would reduce …

Introduction As the science base around the potential benefits of a reduced-nicotine
standard for cigarettes grows, information on the potential effects on adolescent smokers is a …

Tobacco farming is considered Hazardous Child Labor in Brazil. This study examined the
work of children and adolescents in tobacco farming, characterizing the level of urinary …

Abstract Introduction The Food and Drug Administration issued an advanced notice of
proposed rulemaking for setting a product standard for nicotine levels in cigarettes, with an …

Objectives Research using very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes has shown that
participants underreport use of non-study cigarettes. Biomarkers of nicotine exposure could …