Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Anxiety and stress-related disorders are severe psychiatric conditions that affect
performance in daily tasks and represent a high cost to public health. The initial observation …

The hippocampus plays an important role in emotional and cognitive processing, and both
of these domains are affected in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Extensive …

Laboratory experiments using fear conditioning and extinction protocols help lay the
groundwork for designing, testing, and optimizing innovative treatments for anxiety-related …

According to our model of the regulation of appetitive-searching vs. distress-avoiding
behaviors, the motivation to display these essential conducts is regulated by two parallel …

Anxiety is a term often used to encompass feelings of apprehension, dread, unease or
similarly unpleasant emotions. Trait anxiety defines the affect of an organism over time and …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental disorder that can develop after
exposure to extreme stress. Korean red ginseng, whose major active component is …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related psychiatric or mental disorder
characterized by experiencing a traumatic stress. The cause of such PTSD is dysregulation …

Introduction The search for objective biomarkers of psychiatric disorders has a long history.
Despite this, no universally accepted instruments or methods to detect biomarkers have …

Stress during postnatal development is associated with an increased risk for depression,
anxiety disorders, and substance abuse later in life, almost as if mental illness is able to be …