This review is aimed at celebrating the upcoming 20th anniversary of the birth of human
functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). After the discovery in 1992 that the functional …

Cognitive control (with the closely related concepts of attention control and executive
function) encompasses the collection of processes that are involved in generating and …

This report is the second part of a comprehensive two-part series aimed at reviewing an
extensive and diverse toolkit of novel methods to explore brain health and function. While …

Alpha oscillations are ubiquitous in the brain, but their role in cortical processing remains a
matter of debate. Recently, evidence has begun to accumulate in support of a role for alpha …

The cardiovascular system is essential for life and has been a central focus of
psychophysiological investigation for several reasons. First, at least some its parameters …

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a relevant research tool in neuroscience. In
special populations such as infants and for special tasks such as walking, NIRS has …

Brain aging is characterized by changes in both hemodynamic and neuronal responses,
which may be influenced by the cardiorespiratory fitness of the individual. To investigate the …

This paper reviews research on age‐related changes in working memory and attention
control. This work is interpreted within a framework labeled “GOLDEN aging”(growing of …

We normally assess another individual's level of consciousness based on her or his ability to
interact with the surrounding environment and communicate. Usually, if we observe …

Optical imaging techniques reflect different biochemical processes in the brain, which is
closely related with neural activity. Scientists and clinicians employ a variety of optical …