Given that hypoxia is a persistent physiological feature of many different solid tumors and a
key driver for cancer malignancy, it is thought to be a major target in cancer treatment …

Cancer immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen
receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, have transformed clinical oncology. However, limited patient …

The conversion of tumor-promoting M2 macrophage phenotype to tumor-suppressing M1
macrophages is a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. However, the tumor …

Lactate, traditionally regarded as a metabolic waste product at the terminal of the glycolysis
process, has recently been found to have multifaceted functional roles in metabolism and …

Due to the intrinsic weak immunogenicity of tumor cells and the quantitatively and
functionally different populations of immune cells, immunosuppression has become the …

Macrophages are one of the first innate immune cells to reach the site of infection or injury.
Diverse functions from the uptake of pathogen or antigen, its killing, and presentation, the …

Peptide vaccines have shown great potential in cancer immunotherapy by targeting tumor
antigens and activating the patient's immune system to mount a specific response against …

Macrophages are specialized immune cells, which have the capacity to phagocytize and
destroy the target cells, including tumor cells. Some macrophages, however on their way to …

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an immunogenic cancer type, and
tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major component of the tumor …

The pivotal role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the initiation and advancement of
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is widely acknowledged, as it fosters the proliferation and …