Neurotransmission between neurons, which can occur over the span of a few milliseconds,
relies on the controlled release of small molecule neurotransmitters, many of which are …

Mainly known for its more famous parent compound, ethanol, acetaldehyde was first studied
in the 1940s, but then research interest in this compound waned. However, in the last two …

After decades of uncertainties and drawbacks, the study on the role and significance of
acetaldehyde in the effects of ethanol seemed to have found its main paths. Accordingly, the …

Background A number of studies have shown that acetaldehyde synthesized in the brain is
necessary to induce ethanol (EtOH) reinforcement in naïve animals (acquisition phase) …

A few clinical studies have shown that dual antidepressants (serotonergic (5-HT) and
noradrenergic (NE) transporter inhibitors, SNRIs) may be effective in alcoholism treatment …

Rationale Nowadays, very few approved anti-relapse treatments for alcoholism exist, and
their overall efficacy can be considered moderate. An exciting rationale drug development …

Ethanol addiction is a serious public health problem that still needs more effective
pharmacological treatment. A key factor in the development and maintenance of this disease …

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging noninvasive brain
neuromodulation technique aimed at relieving symptoms associated with psychiatric …

Proponents of creationism and the intelligent design (ID) hypothesis continue to undermine
science education across the world (1). In the United States as of 2014, public or taxpayer …

Acetaldehyde (ACD) is the first metabolite of ethanol. Although, the role of ACD in ethanol
addiction has been controversial, there are data showing a relationship. The objective of the …