8.2. Effects in the pancreas 8.3. Effects on the intestinal sphincter 8.4. Effects on intestinal
motility 8.5. Effects on intestinal cellular proliferation 8.6. Effects on intestinal fluid and ion …

Most forms of hypertension are associated with a wide variety of functional changes in the
hypothalamus. Alterations in the following substances are discussed: catecholamines …

To investigate the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on sympathetic nerve activity to
interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), we injected NPY into the third cerebroventricle …

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was first discovered and characterized as a 36‐amino‐acid peptide
neurotransmitter in 1982. It is widely distributed in the central nervous system, with …

Recent biological advances make it possible to discover new peptides associated with
obesity. Leptin, neuropeptide Y, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), α-melanocyte …

Leptin and ghrelin are novel peptide hormones which are counter-regulatory in the central
control of appetite. More recently, it has become clear that these hormones have a range of …

Accumulating evidence suggests that blood borne hormones modulate brain mechanisms
regulating blood pressure. This appears to be mediated by the circumventricular organs …

Obesity is a risk factor that worsens cardiovascular events leading to higher morbidity and
mortality. However, the exact mechanisms of relation between obesity and cardiovascular …

Aim: Obesity frequently co-exists with hypertension (HTN). Hypothalamus neuropeptides
such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH) interact …

Central catecholaminergic neurons are involved in cardiovascular regulation. Neuropeptide
Y (NPY) coexists with adrenaline and noradrenaline in the rat brain, and interactions among …