The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

Few investigators think of bone as an endocrine gland, even after the discovery that
osteocytes produce circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 that targets the kidney and …

The skeletal system contains a series of sophisticated cellular lineages arising from the
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that determine the …

Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly renewed. The cell populations that participate in
this process—the osteoblasts and osteoclasts—are derived from different progenitor pools …

Engineering biomaterials that mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone is of significant
importance since most of the outstanding properties of the bone are due to matrix …

The osteocyte, a terminally differentiated cell comprising 90%–95% of all bone cells,, may
have multiple functions, including acting as a mechanosensor in bone (re) modeling. Dentin …

The periodontium, defined as those tissues supporting and investing the tooth, comprises
root cementum, periodontal ligament, bone lining the tooth socket (alveolar bone), and that …

Living organisms are capable of inducing the crystallization and deposition of a wide variety
of minerals, 1 but the vertebrates mainly utilize the calcium phosphates in constructing their …

BMP signaling plays an important role in dentin development. BMPs and antagonists
regulate odontoblast differentiation and downstream gene expression via canonical Smad …

As a mineralised connective tissue, dentine is well adapted to its functional role as a major
structural component of the tooth. Although similar in composition to bone, dentine matrix is …