Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in a serious public …

The human body harbors a diverse ecosystem of microorganisms, including bacteria,
viruses, and fungi, collectively known as the microbiota. Current research is increasingly …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease that attacks the central
nervous system. Dietary intake of cuprizone (CPZ) produces demyelination resembling that …

Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder
(MDD), including treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Patients with TRD have higher …

Survival requires the integration of external information and interoceptive cues to effectively
guide advantageous behaviors, particularly foraging and other behaviors that promote …

Chronic inflammatory pain (CIP) is a common public medical problem, often accompanied
by memory impairment. However, the mechanisms underlying CIP and comorbid memory …

The spleen is a key immune-related organ that plays a role in communication between the
brain and the immune system through the brain–spleen axis and brain–gut–microbiota axis …

Depression is a frequent symptom in patients with chronic liver disease; however, the
mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota plays a …

Polygonum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) are one of the main active components of
Polygonatum sibiricum, which is a traditional Chinese medicine with food and drug …

The gut–brain axis (GBA) is the umbrella term to include all bidirectional communication
between the brain and gastrointestinal (GI) tract in the mammalian body. Evidence from over …