The field of photopharmacology uses molecular photoswitches to establish control over the
action of bioactive molecules. It aims to reduce systemic drug toxicity and the emergence of …

Upon receipt in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord, nociceptive (pain-signalling)
information from the viscera, skin and other organs is subject to extensive processing by a …

Opioids are effective analgesics, but their use is beset by serious side effects, including
addiction and respiratory depression, which contribute to the ongoing opioid crisis. The …

The μ-opioid receptor (μOR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and the target of most
clinically and recreationally used opioids. The induced positive effects of analgesia and …

Cannabis elicits its mood-enhancing and analgesic effects through the cannabinoid receptor
1 (CB1), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that signals primarily through the adenylyl …

Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social
communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is …

▪ Abstract Opioid receptors belong to the large superfamily of seven transmembrane-
spanning (7TM) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). As a class, GPCRs are of …

Dopamine is a small and relatively simple molecule that fulfills diverse functions. Within the
brain, it acts as a classical neurotransmitter whose attenuation or overactivity can result in …

Although opioids are highly effective for the treatment of pain, they are also known to be
intensely addictive. There has been a massive research investment in the development of …

Abstract Mu-Opioid Receptors (MORs) are well-known for participating in analgesia,
sedation, drug addiction, and other physiological functions. Although MORs have been …