A2A receptors (A2AR), a typical GPCR with a high affinity for adenosine, was expressed in
many immune cells, such as regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, etc …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Cardinal motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD) include bradykinesia, rest tremor, and
rigidity, which appear in the early stages of the disease and largely depend on …

Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or
its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as …

Most evidence indicates that, as for family CG protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), family A
GPCRs form homo-and heteromers. Homodimers seem to be a predominant species, with …

Pharmacological tool compounds are now available to define action at the adenosine (ARs),
P2Y and P2X receptors. We present a selection of the most commonly used agents to study …

Background The psychostimulant properties of caffeine are reviewed and compared with
those of prototypical psychostimulants able to cause substance use disorders (SUD) …

The adenosine A2A receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been
extensively studied during the past few decades because it offers numerous possibilities for …

The inhibitory adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) and excitatory A2A receptor (A2AR) are
predominantly expressed in the brain. Whereas the A2AR has been implicated in normal …

No drug has been approved to prevent neuronal cell loss in patients suffering from
Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD); despite increased comprehension of …