In somatic cell division, cytokinesis is the final step of the cell cycle and physically divides
the mother cytoplasm into two daughter cells. In the meiotic cell division, however, pollen …

Pollen grains, the male gametophytes of seed plants, surround themselves with a complex
pollen wall for protection from various environmental stresses. The deposition and assembly …

Pollen grains are covered by the complex extracellular structure, called exine, which in most
species is deposited on the pollen surface non-uniformly. Certain surface areas receive …

The aperture on the pollen surface provides an exit for the emerging pollen tube. Apertures
exhibit huge morphological variation across plant species—grasses, including rice, possess …

Callose is a plant cell wall polysaccharide whose deposition is spatiotemporally regulated in
various developmental processes and environmental stress responses. The appearance of …

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are widely distributed in plant cells. Fasciclin‐like AGPs
(FLAs) belong to a subclass of AGPs that play important roles in plant growth and …

Yield and productivity of many crop species depend on successful reproductive
development to produce seeds or fruits for human nutrition. Plants determine the right time to …

Hohenbergia comprises 55 species, 53 of which are endemic to Brazil. Among these, 21
species are unique to Atlantic Forest fragments in the state of Bahia. Hohenbergia is a …

Accurate placement of extracellular materials is a critical part of cellular development. To
study how cells achieve this accuracy, we use formation of pollen apertures as a model. In …

Pollen presents a powerful model for studying mechanisms of precise formation and
deposition of extracellular structures. Deposition of the pollen wall exine leads to the …