Highlights•Vertebrate colour vision started with 4 cone opsins and involved reductions.•
Pancrustacean colour vision went through multiple losses and duplications.•Colour …

Due to our own preference for bright light, we tend to forget that many insects are active in
very dim light. Nocturnal insects possess in general superposition compound eyes. This eye …

Connectomics has become a standard neuroscience methodology in a few model animals,
1 with the visual system being a popular target of study. 2–5 Combining connectomics with …

Spectral sensitivities of individual photoreceptors in the compound eye of Manduca sexta
were verified by immunocytochemistry, and the retinal mosaic was mapped, using …

Animals use vision over a wide range of light intensities, from dim starlight to bright
sunshine. For animals active in very dim light the visual system is challenged by several …

Each neural unit (cartridge) in the first optic ganglion (lamina) of the nocturnal bee
Megalopta genalis contains nine receptor cell axons (6 short and 3 long visual fibres), and …

Eyes serve as models to understand the evolution of complex traits, with broad implications
for the origins of evolutionary novelty. Discussions of eye evolution are relevant at many …

The compound eye of the butterfly Papilio xuthus is composed of three types of spectrally
heterogeneous ommatidia. The ommatidia, which contain nine photoreceptor cells, R1–9 …

Due to our own preference for bright light, we tend to forget that many insects are active in
very dim light. The reasons for nocturnal activity are most easily seen in tropical areas of the …

All animals perceive the world through their senses, which form the basis for their decisions
and motor actions. However, when these all-important senses reach their limit and cease to …