Heat shock proteins (HSPs) constitute a large family of proteins involved in protein folding
and maturation whose expression is induced by heat shock or other stressors. The major …

Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a stress-induced transcription factor that is
frequently upregulated in cancer cells. ATF4 controls the expression of a wide range of …

Hypoxia is a major hallmark of the tumor microenvironment that is strictly associated with
rapid cancer progression and induction of metastasis. Hypoxia inhibits disulfide bond …

Tumor cells are often exposed to intrinsic and external factors that alter protein homeostasis,
thus producing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To cope with this, cells evoke an …

Numerous genetic and environmental insults impede the ability of cells to properly fold and
posttranslationally modify secretory and transmembrane proteins in the endoplasmic …

Stress induced by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
is a feature of specialized secretory cells and is also observed in many diseases, including …

The glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) are stress-inducible chaperones that mostly reside
in the endoplasmic reticulum or the mitochondria. Recent advances show that the GRPs …

Recent progress in studying copper‐dependent targets and pathways in the context of tumor
treatment has provided new insights into therapeutic strategies of leveraging copper …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic intracellular organelle with multiple functions
essential for cellular homeostasis, development, and stress responsiveness. In response to …

Microtubules are highly dynamic structures, which consist of α-and β-tubulin heterodimers,
and are involved in cell movement, intracellular trafficking, and mitosis. In the context of …