The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded by multiple
synonymous codons. In all domains of life, a biased frequency of synonymous codons is …

For over 60 years, the synthetic production of new DNA sequences has helped researchers
understand and engineer biology. Here we summarize methods and caveats for the de novo …

A rapidly growing bacterial host would be desirable for a range of routine applications in
molecular biology and biotechnology. The bacterium Vibrio natriegens has the fastest …

Natural products continue to play a pivotal role in drug-discovery efforts and in the
understanding of human health. The ability to extend nature's chemistry through …

Biology produces a universe of chemicals whose precision and complexity is the envy of
chemists. Over the last 30 years, the expansive field of metabolic engineering has many …

Crop losses caused by plant pathogens are a primary threat to stable food production. Stripe
rust (Puccinia striiformis) is a fungal pathogen of cereal crops that causes significant …

Over the past decades, remarkable progress on phosphoramidite chemistry-based large-
scale de novo oligonucleotide synthesis has been achieved, enabling numerous novel and …

Transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning represents a unique tool for
isolation and manipulation of large DNA molecules. The technique exploits a high level of …

Recent years have witnessed the exponential growth of information, calling for the
development of new storage media. DNA provides an attractive alternative for data storage …

Synthetic biology is a logical extension of what has been called recombinant DNA (rDNA)
technology or genetic engineering since the 1970s. As rDNA technology has been the driver …