Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages can produce two
distinct functional phenotypes: M1 or M2. The balance between both strongly affects the …

Mitochondria are major energy-producing organelles that have central roles in cellular
metabolism. They also act as important signalling hubs, and their dynamic regulation in …

The Krebs cycle-derived metabolite itaconate and its derivatives suppress the inflammatory
response in pro-inflammatory" M1" macrophages. However, alternatively activated" M2" …

Periodontitis is a widespread oral disease characterized by continuous inflammation of the
periodontal tissue and an irreversible alveolar bone loss, which eventually leads to tooth …

Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are crucial in the pathogenesis of acute liver
failure (ALF). 4‐Octyl itaconate (OI) showed antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory properties …

The liver is an important metabolic organ, and acute liver injury (ALI) is potentially lethal.
Itaconate, a metabolic intermediate from the tricarboxylic acid cycle, showed emerging anti …

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Innate immune cells
can recognize invading pathogens through recognizing pathogen-associated molecular …

Introduction: Sepsis is a major global health challenge with high mortality rates and no
effective treatment. Recent studies have suggested that sepsis may be associated with …

Small molecule drug intervention for chondrocytes is a valuable method for the treatment of
osteoarthritis (OA). The 4‐octyl itaconate (OI) is a cellular derivative of itaconate with sound …

Vitiligo is an acquired skin depigmentation disease in which excessive reactive oxygen
species (ROS) play a critical pathogenic role in melanocyte destruction. The complex …