Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

Sleep deprivation severely compromises the ability of human beings to respond to stimuli in
a timely fashion. These deficits have been attributed in large part to failures of vigilant …

The popularity of caffeine as a psychoactive drug is due to its stimulant properties, which
depend on its ability to reduce adenosine transmission in the brain. Adenosine A 1 and A 2A …

Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance and has been considered
occasionally as a drug of abuse. The present paper reviews available data on caffeine …

There has been a long debate about the predominant involvement of the different adenosine
receptor subtypes and the preferential role of pre‐versus post‐synaptic mechanisms in the …

It is well known that the nucleoside adenosine exerts a modulatory influence in the central
nervous system by activating G protein coupled receptors. Adenosine A2A receptors, the …

Adenosine A2A receptors are highly enriched in the basal ganglia system. They are
predominantly expressed in enkephalin-expressing GABAergic striatopallidal neurons and …

Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that modulates many physiological processes. Its
actions are mediated by interaction with specific cell membrane receptors. Four subtypes of …

An increase in the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc)
is believed to be one of the main mechanisms involved in the rewarding and motor …

In the pursuit of improved treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD), the adenosine A2A
receptor has emerged as an attractive nondopaminergic target. Based on the compelling …