Macrophages are commonly classified as M1 macrophages or M2 macrophages. The M2
macrophages are further sub-categorized into M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d subtypes. The M2a …

Background & Aims: Curcumin is a biologically active phytochemical substance present in
turmeric and has pharmacologic actions that might benefit patients with ulcerative colitis …

Intestinal bacteria are implicated increasingly as a pivotal factor in the development of
Crohn's disease, but the specific components of the complex polymicrobial enteric …

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) represents a group of idiopathic disorders characterized
by chronic or recurring inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. While the exact etiology of …

OBJECTIVES: Emerging data suggest that vitamin D has a significant role in inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD). Prospective data evaluating the association of vitamin D serum status …

Background Large interindividual variation in the composition of the intestinal microbiota
between unrelated individuals has made it challenging to identify specific aspects of …

Although an extensive body of literature confirmed γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as mediator
within the enteric nervous system (ENS) controlling gastrointestinal (GI) function, the true …

Cytokines play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, where they drive and regulate …

Background Escherichia coli, particularly the adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) pathovar, has
been increasingly implicated in the ethiopathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). We describe …

A major drawback of oral treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the non-specific
distribution of drugs during long-term treatment. Despite its effectiveness as an anti …