The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …

The identification of anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis about 12 years ago made it
possible to recognise that some patients with rapidly progressive psychiatric symptoms or …

Seizures are a well‐recognized and often prominent manifestation of autoimmune
encephalitic syndromes. Progress in detection of pathogenic neural autoantibodies has led …

Increased awareness of autoimmune encephalitis has led to two unintended consequences:
a high frequency of misdiagnoses and the inappropriate use of diagnostic criteria for …

Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders that have diverse etiologies but are
commonly characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Although …

The identification of the aetiology of a patient's epilepsy is instrumental in the diagnosis,
prognostic counselling and management of the epilepsies. Indeed, the aetiology can be …

Acute symptomatic seizures occurring in close temporal relationship with an acute CNS
insult are distinct from epilepsy and occur frequently in clinical practice. The aim of this …

Onset of many forms of epilepsy occurs after an initial epileptogenic insult or as a result of an
identified genetic defect. Given that the precipitating insult is known, these epilepsies are, in …

Antibody-mediated disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are increasingly
recognized as neurologic disorders that can be severe and even life-threatening but with the …

Epilepsy is seen historically as a disease of aberrant neuronal signaling manifesting as
seizures. With the discovery of numerous auto‐antibodies and the subsequent growth in …