Reactive oxygen species (ROS, partial reduction or derivatives of free radicals) are highly
reactive, dangerous and can cause oxidative cell death. In addition to their role as toxic by …

Simple Summary Higher plants face a variety of stress conditions. There are a number of
different antioxidant enzymes that help plants to cope with these stresses. During stresses …

Natural and anthropogenic causes are continually growing sources of metals in the
ecosystem; hence, heavy metal (HM) accumulation has become a primary environmental …

Heavy metals is a collective term describing metals and metalloids with a density higher
than 5 g/cm3. Some of them are essential micronutrients; others do not play a positive role in …

Simple Summary Environmental conditions are subject to unprecedented changes due to
recent progressive anthropogenic activities on our planet. Plants, as the frontline of food …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules essential for plant responses to
abiotic and biotic stimuli as well as for multiple developmental processes. They are …

As fixed organisms, plants are especially affected by changes in their environment and have
consequently evolved extensive mechanisms for acclimation and adaptation. Initially …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by metabolic pathways in almost all cells. As
signaling components, ROS are best known for their roles in abiotic and biotic stress-related …

Organophosphates are one of the major constituent of herbicides, pesticides, insecticides
and nerve gas. Azinophos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, fonofos and disulfoton are well …

In the natural environment, plants are exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stress
conditions that trigger rapid changes in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen …