The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia has been underappreciated owing
to poor understanding of its cells and circuits. It was assumed that the GPe consisted of a …

The globus pallidus externa (GPe) functions as a central hub in the basal ganglia for
processing motor and non-motor information through the creation of complex connections …

INTRODUCTION The mammalian neocortex, with its distinctive six-layered structure, is
thought to enable advanced cognitive functions not seen in other animals. Yet birds, which …

Within the basal ganglia circuit, the external globus pallidus (GPe) is critically involved in
motor control. Aside from Foxp2+ neurons and ChAT+ neurons that have been established …

The neurosurgical treatment of movement disorders, primarily via deep brain stimulation
(DBS), is a rapidly expanding and evolving field. Although conventional targets including the …

The striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) constitute the input stage of the basal
ganglia (BG) network and together innervate BG downstream structures using GABA and …

The basal ganglia (BG) are a collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei that participate
in a great variety of functions, ranging from motor programming and execution to procedural …

The primary driver of the evolution of the vertebrate nervous system has been the necessity
to move, along with the requirement of controlling the plethora of motor behavioural …

The critical role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the basal ganglia is evident from the effect of
cholinergic agents in patients suffering from several related neurological disorders, such as …

The classic basal ganglia circuit model asserts a complete segregation of the two striatal
output pathways. Empirical data argue that, in addition to indirect-pathway striatal projection …