The prevalence of kidney stone disease is increasing worldwide. The recurrence rate of
urinary stones is estimated to be up to 50%. Nephrolithiasis is associated with increased risk …

Very low or very high concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) or total hardness
in drinking water have been empirically recognized as the cause of the problems with …

Epidemiology has improved our understanding and management of stone disease.
Epidemiologic studies, by quantifying patterns and burden of disease, have helped identify …

Epidemiologic studies have suggested that daily fluid intake that achieves at least 2.5 L of
urine output per day is protective against kidney stones. However, the precise quantitative …

Like other diseases striking predominantly the affluent societies, idiopathic nephrolithiasis is
increasing in rich countries and appears to be closely related to dietary habits. In this review …

Over two billion people live in tropical lands. Most of them live in intimate contact with the
immediate geological environment, obtaining their food and water directly from it. The …

Results Five patients achieved the 285 mosm/kg urine target without difficulty. Mean urine
osmolality decreased and mean urine volume increased; serum sodium, weight, and BP …

Abstract Purpose of Review The role of the mineral constituents in water and their role in
kidney stone disease (KSD) have been a long-standing subject of debate. The aim of our …

Diet plays a central role in the development and prevention of nephrolithiasis. Although
pharmacologic treatment may be required for some patients who are resistant to dietary …

As far as the chemical quality of drinking water is concerned, such issues as endocrine
disruptors, pesticides, disinfection by-products and other contaminants are the subject of …