This review article delves into the details of the 3R-Refinement principles as a vital
framework for ethically sound rodent research laboratory. It highlights the core objective of …

Behavioral tests have three key elements:(1) a motivating factor (what motivates the animal
in the test);(2) an observable behavior (which behaviors we may expect the animal exhibits …

Rationale Motivational deficits are a common symptom shared across multiple psychiatric
and neurodegenerative disorders. Effort-based decision-making tasks are a translatable …

Simple Summary This article provides a review of recent studies that explore the application
of the 3Rs in experimental animal models of liver disease, comparing different models for a …

Simple Summary Any routine manipulation and handling of mice for husbandry and/or
experimental needs can cause physical harm. Besides being an ethical concern, trauma …

Motivational disorders such as apathy syndrome are highly prevalent across neurological
disorders but do not yet have an agreed treatment approach. The use of translational …

Background: Some environmental factors lead to physiological and behavioral changes in
laboratory animals. Methods: Twenty male mice and twenty handlers were used in this …

Animals | Free Full-Text | Correction: Davies et al. Impact of Refinements to Handling and
Restraint Methods in Mice. Animals 2022, 12, 2173 Next Article in Journal Impact of Social …

The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 governs the use of animals in scientific
research in the UK. Embedded within this is a requirement to implement the 3Rs …