Teeth and dentitions contain many morphological characters which give them a particularly
important weight in comparative anatomy, systematics, physiology and ecology. As teeth are …

Hard dental tissues possess a complex hierarchical structure that is particularly evident in
enamel, the most mineralised substance in the human body. Its complex and interlinked …

The fossil record and recent molecular phylogenies support an extraordinary early-Cenozoic
radiation of crown birds (Neornithes) after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction …

The bony palate diagnoses the two deepest clades of extant birds: Neognathae and
Palaeognathae,,,–. Neognaths exhibit unfused palate bones and generally kinetic skulls …

The skull of living birds is greatly modified from the condition found in their dinosaurian
antecedents. Bird skulls have an enlarged, toothless premaxillary beak and an intricate …

Although direct associations that reveal diet are extremely rare in the fossil record, the rich
Lower Cretaceous Jehol Lagerstätte has produced dozens of specimens preserving …

The extant diversity of the avian clade Palaeognathae is composed of the iconic flightless
ratites (ostriches, rheas, kiwi, emus, and cassowaries), and the volant tinamous of Central …

Ichthyornis has long been recognized as a pivotally important fossil taxon for understanding
the latest stages of the dinosaur–bird transition, but little significant new postcranial material …

Avian skeletal morphology is associated with locomotor function, including flight style,
swimming and terrestrial locomotion, and permits informed inferences on locomotion in …

This chapter will cover clade definitions, the relationships within clades as well as the
occasional controversial relationships between different clades. Phylogenies arising from a …