Rationale Recent evidence suggests that prolonged cocaine self-administration produces
escalation in drug-seeking behavior in rats analogous to the increased intake patterns …

It is increasingly recognized that studying drug taking in laboratory animals does not equate
to studying genuine addiction, characterized by loss of control over drug use. This has …

Previous studies showed that an extended 6-h session duration produced an increasing rate
of cocaine self-administration in rats. The present study further investigated the effect of dose …

Rationale Stressful events during periods of drug abstinence likely contribute to relapse in
cocaine-dependent individuals. Excessive cocaine use may increase susceptibility to …

Rationale Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP) is an alkaloid constituent of plants from the
botanical genera Corydalis and Stephania and is contained in many traditional Chinese …

The initial termination of cocaine consumption in human addicts is associated with
heightened anxiety states and low levels of craving. Craving, however, tends to increase …

Much evidence indicates that individuals use tobacco primarily to experience the
psychopharmacological properties of nicotine and that a large proportion of smokers …

Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated near 24‐hour variations of physiological
and behavioral functions. In humans, disruptions to the circadian system are associated with …

One of the key features of addiction is the escalated drug intake. The neural mechanisms
involved in the transition to addiction remain to be elucidated. Since abnormal neuronal …

Escalation of drug consumption—a hallmark of addiction—has been hypothesized to be
associated with a relative devaluation of alternative nondrug rewards and thus with a …