Autophagy refers to the formation of autophagosomes by membrane wrapping part of the
cytoplasm and the organelles and proteins that need to be degraded in the cells …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive
memory loss along with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a decline in activities of daily life. Its …

The aggregation of proteins into amyloid fibrils and their deposition into plaques and
intracellular inclusions is the hallmark of amyloid disease. The accumulation and deposition …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, mental illness without cure. Several years of
intense research on postmortem AD brains, cell and mouse models of AD have revealed …

Neurodegenerative disorders of ageing (NDAs) such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson
disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis …

Inflammatory reactions could be both beneficial and detrimental to the brain, depending on
strengths of their activation in various stages of neurodegeneration. Mild activation of …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mammals include c-Jun NH 2-terminal
kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These enzymes …

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is
characterized by memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. The accumulation of misfolded …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder that
is characterized by amyloid β-protein deposition in senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles …

Appropriate autophagy has protective effects on ischemic nerve tissue, while excessive
autophagy may cause cell death. The inflammatory response plays an important role in the …