Several major diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular abnormalities, may be linked to
pathological deposition of minerals or organic compounds in various tissues. 1− 3 Thus, the …

Introduction: With a rise in the incidence of stone disease, more research is needed to
understand the lifestyle factors associated with it. We evaluate available evidence for …

Background Kidney stone is the major cause of morbidity, and its prevalence is increasing in
the world. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of kidney stone in the …

BACKGROUND: Many poor in developing countries have turned to artisanal small-scale
gold mining (ASGM) in an attempt to improve their situation. However, the mercury used to …

Background Nephrolithiasis is a widespread multifactorial disorder. Constitutional,
environmental and genetic factors play a role in stone formation. Although important …

Urolithiasis is closely linked to lifestyle factors. However, the causal relationship and
underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship …

Tobacco use remains the single largest preventable cause of disease and premature death
in the United States, and smoking is a leading cause of cancer and death from cancer. There …

Background: The causal link between smoking, alcohol consumption, and upper urinary
calculi remains uncertain in observational studies due to confounding factors. To uncover …

Background We investigated the renoprotective ability of healthy people against kidney
stone formation. To clarify intratubular crystal kinetics and processing in human kidneys, we …

Patients with urolithiasis, particularly hypercalciuria, may have reduced bone mineral
density (BMD). There are numerous risk factors contributing to reduction of BMD such as …