Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

Opioids are the most potent analgesics in clinical use; however, their powerful rewarding
properties can lead to addiction. The scientific challenge is to retain analgesic potency while …

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons have diverse functions that can in part be explained by
their heterogeneity. Although molecularly distinct subtypes of DA neurons have been …

Combining rabies-virus tracing, optical clearing (CLARITY), and whole-brain light-sheet
imaging, we mapped the monosynaptic inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to …

Physical challenges, emotional arousal, increased physical activity, or changes in the
environment can evoke stress, requiring altered activity of visceral organs, glands, and …

This review summarizes all reported and suspected functions of ultrasonic vocalizations in
infant and adult rats. The review leads to the conclusion that all types of ultrasonic …

Despite being considered primarily a mood disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD) is
characterized by cognitive and decision making deficits. Recent research has employed …

Highlights•Real-world scenarios require control over working memory input, output, and
contents.•Frontostriatal circuits solve these issues via dynamics evolved for motor …

Midbrain dopamine systems play important roles in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia,
addiction, and depression. The participation of midbrain dopamine systems in diverse …

Different regions of the striatum regulate different types of behavior. However, how
dopamine signals differ across striatal regions and how dopamine regulates different …