Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is a major heterogeneous brain
disease caused by multiple factors, and it is the second most common type of dementia in …

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is essential for embryo development and adult tissue
homeostasis and regeneration, abnormal regulation of the pathway is tightly associated with …

Cerebral ischemia is caused by perturbations in blood flow to the brain that trigger
sequential and complex metabolic and cellular pathologies. This leads to brain tissue …

Aims Microglia and infiltrated macrophages play important roles in inflammatory processes
after ischemic stroke. Modulating microglia/macrophage polarization from pro‐inflammatory …

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a pleiotropic polypeptide, plays an essential role
in CNS development and maturation. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous …

BACKGROUND: Cerebral circulation delivers the blood flow to the brain through a
dedicated network of sanguine vessels. A healthy human brain can regulate cerebral blood …

Hydrogel materials have been employed as biological scaffolds for tissue regeneration
across a wide range of applications. Their versatility and biomimetic properties make them …

The integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is essential for normal central nervous system
(CNS) functioning. Considering the significance of BBB in maintaining homeostasis and the …

Forensic toxicology and forensic medicine are unique among all other medical fields
because of their essential legal impact, especially in civil and criminal cases. New high …

The family of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) proteins in humans consist of MIF,
its functional homolog D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT, also known as MIF-2) and the …