The nervous and immune systems have evolved in parallel from the early bilaterians, in
which innate immunity and a central nervous system (CNS) coexisted for the first time, to …

Abstract N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine (melatonin) is a natural substance produced both by
plants, as a secondary metabolite, and animals, by the pineal gland and other tissues. In …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS.
Approximately 2 million people worldwide have MS, with females outnumbering males 2: 1 …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a prototypic autoimmune disease of the central
nervous system (CNS). A complex genetic background with the HLA-DR15 haplotype as the …

Objective: Debilitating pain, occurring in 50–70% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, is
poorly understood and infrequently studied. We summarized efficacy and safety data of …

In the central nervous system (CNS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) derived from activated
microglia plays a critical role as an inflammatory mediator. In this study, we examined the …

The immune system's role is much more than merely recognizing self vs. non-self and
involves maintaining homeostasis and integrity of the organism starting from early …

Background Aging is one factor believed to contribute to processes that underlie chronic low-
grade inflammation in older adults. Moreover, more recent studies have suggested that …

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Complementary interacting molecules on myelin and axons are required for long-term axon–
myelin stability. Their disruption results in axon degeneration, contributing to the …