T cell activation is a highly regulated process involving peptide–MHC engagement of the T
cell receptor and positive costimulatory signals. Upon activation, coinhibitory'checkpoints' …

abstract Despite significant research efforts, only a few treatment approaches have been
developed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In recent years, immune checkpoint …

Worldwide, each year over 30,000 patients undergo an allogeneic hema-topoietic stem cell
transplantation with the intent to cure high-risk hematologic malignancy, immunodeficiency …

Immune checkpoints include stimulatory and inhibitory checkpoint molecules. In recent
years, inhibitory checkpoints, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA …

BACKGROUND. The PD-1–blocking antibody nivolumab persists in patients several weeks
after the last infusion. However, no study has systematically evaluated the maximum …

Immunotherapy is a promising approach to treating various types of cancers, including
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While single immunotherapy drugs show limited …

The glycoprotein CD2 is a costimulatory receptor expressed mainly on T and NK cells that
binds to LFA3, a cell surface protein expressed on eg, antigen-presenting cells. CD2 has an …

Immune responses are regulated by an exquisite system of checks and balances that
enable effective protective immunity and tolerance. A number of immunological checkpoints …

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor (IL-2R) are essential in orchestrating immune
responses. Their function and expression in the tumor microenvironment make them …

Organ infiltration by donor T cells is critical to the development of acute graft-versus-host
disease (aGVHD) in recipients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo …