The interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts is regulated by
reciprocal survival strategies, including competition for essential nutrients. Though …

Adoptive-transfer experiments with relatively large input numbers (∼ 10 6) of T cell receptor-
transgenic (TCR-tg) T cells are widely used to model endogenous T cell responses to …

Cytokines are critical determinants for specification of lineage-defining transcription factors
of CD4+ T cell subsets. Little is known, however, about how cytokines regulate expression of …

Efficient boosting of memory T-cell numbers to protective levels generally requires a
relatively long interval between immunizations. Decreasing this interval could be crucial in …

The mechanism by which the immune system produces effector and memory T cells is
largely unclear. To allow a large-scale assessment of the development of single naive T …

Immune responses to infection are optimally designed to generate large numbers of effector
T cells while simultaneously minimizing the collateral damage of their potentially lethal …

T cell responses are guided by cytokines that induce transcriptional regulators, which
ultimately control differentiation of effector and memory T cells. However, it is unknown how …

The respiratory tract is characterized by an extensive surface area that is in direct contact
with the environment, posing a significant problem for effective immune surveillance. Yet …

Memory T cells protect hosts from pathogen reinfection, but how these cells emerge from a
pool of antigen-experienced T cells is unclear. Here, we show that mice lacking the …

Although inflammatory cytokines induced by infection or vaccination with adjuvants have
long been known to stimulate optimal antigen-presenting cell function, recent evidence …