Highlights•Recurrent connectivity is anatomically and functionally prevalent in fly memory
circuits.•Sustained reverberant activity is necessary for memory consolidation.•Feedforward …

Highlights•Dopamine neurons coding opposite value are segregated in the fly
brain.•Dopamine neurons representing reward type innervate discrete mushroom body …

During starvation, mammalian brains can adapt their metabolism, switching from glucose to
alternative peripheral fuel sources. In the Drosophila starved brain, memory formation is …

Understanding memory formation, storage and retrieval requires knowledge of the
underlying neuronal circuits. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is the major site of …

Although associative learning has been localized to specific brain areas in many animals,
identifying the underlying synaptic processes in vivo has been difficult. Here, we provide the …

The fruit fly can evaluate its energy state and decide whether to pursue food-related cues.
Here, we reveal that the mushroom body (MB) integrates hunger and satiety signals to …

Animals can detect and consume nutritive sugars without the influence of taste. However,
the identity of the taste-independent nutrient sensor and the mechanism by which animals …

Efficient energy use has constrained the evolution of nervous systems. However, it is
unresolved whether energy metabolism may resultantly regulate major brain functions. Our …

Sleep remains a major mystery of biology, with little understood about its basic function. One
of the most commonly proposed functions of sleep is the consolidation of memory …

Dopamine signals reward in animal brains. A single presentation of a sugar reward to
Drosophila activates distinct subsets of dopamine neurons that independently induce short …