Background: HIV-1 strains have diversified extensively through mutation and recombination
since their initial transmission to human beings many decades ago in Central Africa in the …

A substantial number of studies have been performed across the world to determine
transmitted drug resistance. Large variations between different parts of the world can be …

Transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants from antiretroviral treatment-experienced
persons has been documented to occur through multiple routes, including sexual …

Objectives: To evaluate the frequency and progression over time of the WHO-defined
transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among antiretroviral treatment (ART) …

Introduction As antiretroviral treatment (ART) continues to expand in resource‐limited
countries, the emergence of HIV drug resistance mutations (DRMs) is challenging in these …

A consensus is required internationally on how transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance
should be investigated and reported. Although routine testing methods provide only minimal …

Background With widespread use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in Africa, one of the major
potential challenges is the risk of emergence of ARV drug‐resistant HIV strains. Our …

A cross-sectional study, performed at a routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS
clinic in Cameroon that uses the World Health Organization public health approach, showed …

Objective: In resource-limited countries, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been scaled up, but
individual monitoring is still suboptimal. Here, we studied whether or not ART had an impact …

Background: Scale-up to antiretroviral therapy (ART) requires surveillance for HIV drug
resistance. With the goal of attaining 100% pediatric ART coverage in Cameroon, strategies …