This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in brain–computer
interfaces (BCI). It begins by providing an introduction to BCIs, describing their main …

Simple Summary This study represents a resourceful review article that can deliver
resources on neurological diseases and their implemented classification algorithms to …

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies have developed as a game changer, altering
how humans interact with computers and opening up new avenues for understanding and …

In brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), it is crucial to process brain signals to improve the
accuracy of the classification of motor movements. Machine learning (ML) algorithms such …

Researchers are investigating how to make machines read our body language to make
human–machine interaction (HMI) more intelligent and efficient. The lower limbs contain a …

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and its applications have seen a paradigm shift since the
advent of artificial intelligence and machine learning. However, these methods are mostly …

The locked-in syndrome (LiS) is characterized by quadriplegia with preserved vertical eye
and eyelid movements and retained cognitive abilities. Subcategorization, aetiologies and …

The electroencephalogram (EEG) motor imagery (MI) signals are the widespread paradigms
in the brain-computer interface (BCI). Its significant applications in the gaming, robotics, and …

Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems
suffer from low SSVEP response intensity and visual fatigue, resulting in lower accuracy …

Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems based on spontaneous electroencephalography
(EEG) hold the promise to implement human voluntary control of lower-extremity powered …