This article summarizes anatomical, neurophysiological, pharmacological, and brain
imaging studies in humans and animals that have provided insights into the neural circuitry …

Introduction The normal bladder functions, storage and elimination of urine, are based on a
coordinated interplay of reciprocal contraction and relaxation of the bladder and the outflow …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results not only in motor and sensory deficits but also in autonomic
dysfunctions. The disruption of connections between higher brain centers and the spinal …

▪ Abstract Activity-dependent plasticity occurs in the spinal cord throughout life. Driven by
input from the periphery and the brain, this plasticity plays an important role in the …

The afferent innervation of the urinary bladder consists primarily of small myelinated (Aδ)
and unmyelinated (C-fiber) axons that respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli …

Functions of the lower urinary tract to store and periodically eliminate urine are regulated by
a complex neural control system in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral autonomic ganglia …

BACKGROUND: Treatment of human bladder overactivity with intradetrusor Botulinum-A
neurotoxin (BoNT/A) injections temporarily blocks the presynaptic release of acetylcholine …

CONTEXT: The increasing body of evidence and number of potential indications for the use
of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) in the lower urinary tract (LUT) underlines the pressing …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces profound alterations in lower urinary tract function.
Incontinence, elevated intravesical pressure, reflux, stones, and neurological obstruction …

The functions of the lower urinary tract, to store and periodically release urine, are
dependent on the activity of smooth and striated muscles in the urinary bladder, urethra, and …