Signs and symptoms that are characteristic for depression include changes in the setpoint of
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system, which in the majority of these …

Rationale Preclinical data indicates that threat stimuli elicit two classes of defensive
behaviors, those that are associated with imminent danger and are characterized by flight or …

Corticosteroids play extremely important roles in fear and anxiety. The mechanisms by
which corticosteroids exert their effects on behavior are often indirect, because, although …

Fear (ie, decreased percentage time spent on open-arm exploration) in the elevated plus-
maze can be potentiated by prior inescapable stressor exposure, but not by escapable …

Exposure to the elevated plus-maze induces behavioural and physiological effects in
rodents consistent with fear/anxiety. Maze-naive animals display high levels of risk …

The present study examined the effects of stereotaxic delivery of corticosterone to the
amygdala on anxiety-like behavior and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA level in …

Estrogen has been shown to affect nonreproductive behaviors in humans and rodents,
including anxiety, fear, and activity levels. Rat studies have shown increases and decreases …

Complementing the classical concept of genomic steroid actions, here we (i) review
evidence showing that important neural effects of glucocorticoids are exerted by non …

The elevated plus maze test is a widely used test for assessing anxiety-like behavior and
screening novel therapeutic agents in rodents. Previous studies have shown that a variety of …

Aversive stressful experiences are typically associated with increased anxiety and a
predisposition to develop mood disorders. Negative stress also suppresses adult …