The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning,
memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream …

Recent experimental studies and theoretical models have begun to address the challenge of
establishing a causal link between subjective conscious experience and measurable …

SARS-CoV-2 epidemics raises a considerable issue of public health at the planetary scale.
There is a pressing urgency to find treatments based upon currently available scientific …

COVID19 is a devastating global pandemic with epicenters in China, Italy, Spain, and now
the United States. While the majority of infected cases appear mild, in some cases …

Advances in molecular biology have significantly increased the understanding of the biology
of different diseases. However, these discoveries have not yet been fully translated into …

Nicotine stimulates dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to establish
and maintain reinforcement. Nicotine also induces anxiety through an as yet unknown …

Currently there is no general approach for achieving specific optogenetic control of
genetically defined cell types in rats, which provide a powerful experimental system for …

Background: Cigarette smoking is the main cause of preventable death in developed
countries. While the direct positive behavioral reinforcing effect of nicotine has historically …

Developmental periods such as gestation and adolescence have enhanced plasticity
leaving the brain vulnerable to harmful effects from nicotine use. Proper brain maturation …

Behavioral Genetics, Fifth Edition provides an engaging and clear overview of human and
animal behavioral genetics that is designed to introduce students in the behavioral …