Drug classes used in the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have
not changed for many years, and none to date have shown disease-modifying activity …

Observational studies indicate that overutilization of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is common
in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Overprescription and the …

Airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the result of
exaggerated airway fibrosis and obliteration of the small airways due to persistent …

Vitamin D is a regulator of host defense against infections and induces expression of the
antimicrobial peptide hCAP18/LL-37. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with chronic …

Background p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a central role in the
regulation and activation of pro-inflammatory mediators. COPD patients have increased …

Asthma exhibits a marked time of day variation in symptoms, airway physiology, and airway
inflammation. This is also seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but to a …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the third largest cause of human
mortality in the world after stroke and heart disease. COPD is characterized by sustained …

Background Regular use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in patients with obstructive lung
diseases has been associated with a higher risk of pneumonia, particularly in COPD. The …

Currently, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents the fourth cause of
death worldwide with significant economic burden. Comorbidities increase in number and …

Recent studies have suggested that inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) may be associated with
higher risks of tuberculosis and pneumonia in patients with COPD. However, it is not known …