This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) …

There is growing interest in non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) as a novel treatment
option for substance-use disorders (SUDs). Recent momentum stems from a foundation of …

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non‐invasive brain stimulation
method increasingly used to treat psychiatric disorders, primarily depression. Initial studies …

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. In spite of considerable advances in understanding the neural underpinnings of …

Depression has been associated with reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic
factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. In addition, animal studies suggest an association …

The rat prelimbic prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens core are critical for initiating
cocaine seeking. In contrast, the neural circuitry responsible for inhibiting cocaine seeking …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method of brain stimulation used
to treat a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, but is still in the early stages of study as …

Aims To evaluate the effect of repeated high‐frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation
(rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), combined with either smoking or …

Cocaine addiction is characterized by long-lasting vulnerability to relapse arising because
neutral environmental stimuli become associated with drug use and then act as cues that …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an adjustable, reversible, non-destructive neurosurgical
intervention using implanted electrodes to deliver electrical pulses to areas in the brain. DBS …