The immune system is a tightly regulated network which allows the development of defense
mechanisms against foreign antigens and tolerance toward self-antigens. Regulatory T cells …

As we age, the innate immune system becomes dysregulated and is characterized by
persistent inflammatory responses that involve multiple immune and non-immune cell types …

There is increasing evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) produces more
severe symptoms and higher mortality among men than among women,,,–. However …

The effects of aging on the immune system are manifest at multiple levels that include
reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus and diminished function of …

In the older adult, the benefits of vaccination to prevent infectious disease are limited, mainly
because of the adaptive immune system's inability to generate protective immunity. The age …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease caused
by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is …

Age is associated with altered immune functions that may affect the brain. Brain barriers,
including the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–CSF barrier (BCSFB), are important …

Chronic inflammation is the common pathological basis for such age-associated diseases
as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. A multitude of bodily …

As we age, the immune system undergoes a process of senescence accompanied by the
increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, a chronic subclinical condition named as …

Constant exposure to new and persisting antigens and the need to replace cellular attrition
with newly built cells lead to profound remodeling of the immune system after the age of 50 …