Clostridium difficile is a bacterial pathogen that is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-
associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis worldwide. The incidence, severity …

Clostridium difficile is the cause of antibiotics-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous
colitis. The pathogen produces three protein toxins: C. difficile toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) …

Binary toxin (CDT) is frequently observed in Clostridium difficile strains associated with
increased severity of C. difficile infection (CDI). CDT belongs to the family of binary ADP …

Hsp90 is a dimeric molecular chaperone required for the activation and stabilization of
numerous client proteins many of which are involved in essential cellular processes like …

Cells respond to protein-damaging (proteotoxic) stress by activation of the Heat Shock
Response (HSR). The HSR provides cells with an enhanced ability to endure proteotoxic …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the causative agent of botulism, is acknowledged to be the
most poisonous protein known. BoNT proteases disable synaptic vesicle exocytosis by …

Certain pathogenic species of Bacillus and Clostridium have developed unique methods for
intoxicating cells that employ the classic enzymatic “AB” paradigm for protein toxins. The …

Clostridia produce the highest number of toxins of any type of bacteria and are involved in
severe diseases in humans and other animals. Most of the clostridial toxins are pore-forming …

The large clostridial cytotoxins are a family of structurally and functionally related exotoxins
from Clostridium difficile (toxins A and B), C. sordellii (lethal and hemorrhagic toxin) and C …

Research on diphtheria and anthrax toxins over the past three decades has culminated in a
detailed understanding of their structure function relationships (eg, catalytic (C) …