The recognition of microbes by innate immune cells initiates activation of the whole immune
system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to recognize various components of invading …

Higher animals establish host defense by orchestrating innate and adaptive immunity. This
is mediated by professional antigen presenting cells, ie dendritic cells (DCs). DCs can …

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with unmethylated deoxycytidyl‐deoxyguanosine (CpG)
dinucleotides (CpG ODN) mimic the immunostimulatory activity of bacterial DNA and are …

Oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG DNAs) can function as
powerful immune adjuvants by activating APC. Compared with conventional …

It is well known that the dinucleotide CpG is under-represented in the genomic DNA of many
vertebrates. This is commonly thought to be due to the methylation of cytosine residues in …

Recent reports have identified two major classes of CpG motif-containing
oligodeoxynucleotide immunostimulatory sequences (ISS): uniformly modified …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) expressing non-methylated “CpG motifs” patterned
after those present in bacterial DNA have characteristic immunomodulatory effects. CpG …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with profound effects
on multiple organ systems. In patients with SLE, the immune system is subverted to target …

It is not known whether high convective transport may have a role in modulating the chronic
inflammation of hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect …

A number of bacterial cytokine-inducing substances (CIS) such as lipopolysaccharides
(LPS) and exotoxins have been detected in dialysate and may contribute to inflammation in …