It is generally acknowledged that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in a
variety of natural processes in cells. If increased to levels which cannot be neutralized by the …

The COVID‐19 pandemic caused relatively high mortality in patients, especially in those
with concomitant diseases (ie, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary …

Astrogliosis, a cellular reaction with specific structural and functional characteristics,
represents a remarkably homotypic response of astrocytes to all kinds of central nervous …

While the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has dramatically increased the
life expectancy of HIV-1 infected individuals, paradoxically, however, the prevalence of HIV …

Elevated levels of NO produced within the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with
the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative human diseases such as …

Microglia, residential macrophages in the central nervous system, can release a variety of
factors including cytokines, chemokines, etc. to regulate the communication among neuronal …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS)
can result in neurological dysfunction with devastating consequences in a significant …

Inflammatory events in the CNS are associated with injuries as well as with well‐known
chronic degenerative diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson′ s, or Alzheimer′ s …

The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a member of the lentivirus genus. The virus
does not rely exclusively on the host cell machinery, but also on viral proteins that act as …

We observed highly aggressively proliferating immortalized (HAPI) cells growing in cultures
that had been enriched for microglia. The cells were initially obtained from mixed glial …