The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune
function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses …

Anthropogenic habitat disturbance is fundamentally altering patterns of disease
transmission and immunity across the vertebrate tree of life. Most studies linking …

By altering the abundance, diversity, and distribution of species—and their pathogens—
globalization may inadvertently select for more virulent pathogens. In Brazil's Atlantic Forest …

Because host species tend to harbor multiple parasitic species, coinfection in a host is
common. The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and the viruses in the …

The world's reptiles and amphibians are experiencing dramatic and ongoing losses in
biodiversity, changes that can have substantial effects on ecosystems and human health. In …

Factors behind intraspecific variation in sensitivity to pathogens remain poorly understood.
We investigated how geographical origin in two North European amphibians affects …

Introduction Ranavirus disease, caused by viruses within the genus Ranavirus (Iridoviridae),
is considered a globally emerging infectious disease linked to mass mortality events in both …

Cryptosporidium spp. are key gastrointestinal protists in humans and animals worldwide.
Infected cattle are considered the main source of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in humans …

Trematode infection of the second intermediate hosts can lead to changes in their fitness
and, as a result, a change in the invasion rate of animal communities. It is especially …

In 1978, the theory behind helminth parasites having the potential to regulate the
abundance of their host populations was formalized based on the understanding that those …